'Linking Verbs\r'

'Who could forget the time when one ask a mortal to serve as a â€Å"bridge” to another person or to something? Also, people have relatives and they atomic number 18 associateed by their immediate family members to these relatives. For employment, a person is related to or â€Å" bring unitedly” to his/her grandfather through his/her mother or father. Thus, the link is the p arent for this instance.\r\nThe same is sure with verbs for there are the so-called â€Å"linking verbs.” These linking verbs are considered to be the part of the sentence or phrase which â€Å"implies state of being or condition for the government issue, [and] not action” (â€Å"Linking Verbs”). To institutionalize it more clearly, the linking verb is admitd in a sentence to marry two several(predicate) parts of the sentence. In addition to this, the linking verb tries to connect the theater to the parts of the sentence to which it is related (â€Å" save Verbs and Linking Verbs”).\r\nIn our previous example of relatives and families, an analogy may be make between the parents and the linking verbs for the two seek to connect two different things or persons. Examples of linking verbs include â€Å"am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have, been, etc” which are forms of the verb â€Å"be,” â€Å"become,” and â€Å" await” and all of these are considered to be ceaselessly linking verbs in their sense (â€Å"The Linking Verb”).\r\nIt is easy to key out the linking verbs for without these, there would be lesser vox populi to the sentence if none at all. winning this statement as an example, â€Å"The hot toss away is my root of inspiration in goal my painting” would show that â€is serves as the linking verb. It think the blue sky to the phrase â€Å"source of inspiration.” When one is given such sentence, it would be very easy to discern that it is the blue sky is the source of inspiration because of the inking verb. pretend deleting the linking verb for the statement. It might give a oecumenical and vague idea that may be understood by some further can not entirely be discerned.\r\nThe linking verb may be used for common chord instances, which is to link the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective (â€Å"Linking Verbs”). An example of a linking verb that connects the subject with a noun is â€Å"Ana is a fairy of her own dreams.” Could you identify the subject and the noun? Indeed, Ana is the subject and the name queen is the noun to which the subject, Ana, is attached. Going to the next, which is connecting the subject to a pronoun, a statement that could be used as an example would be â€Å"The big mansion down the highroad is his.”\r\nIn that statement, the big mansion is connected to the pronoun â€Å"his” and this shows that the big mansion is owned by the man referred to in the statement. La stly, the linking verb is used to connect the subject to the adjective which it is related to. For example, â€Å"The move she made towards the aisle were as graceful as ever.” The subject here is the word â€Å"steps” and the linking verb is â€Å"were” and this is connected to the adjective â€Å"graceful.”\r\n diversion from discussing the purpose of the linking verb, it is also classic to tamp note of when the action occurred to be satisfactory to place the correct linking verb.\r\nLinking verbs are Copernican in constructing sentences with thought. In one livelong page of words, it could be seen that linking verbs play an important role in weaving the ideas together and to show the relationships between the two.\r\nNever give up the usefulness of the linking verb for, though it may provided be a few words, it sure enough makes the difference for the whole thought.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nThe Linking Verb. redbreast L. Simmons. 23 March 2008 [htt p://www.chompchomp.com/terms/linkingverb.htm].\r\nAction Verbs and Linking Verbs. 28 April 2002. Gallaudet University, Washington, DC. 23 March 2008 [http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/grammar/actionlinking.htm].\r\nLinking Verbs. Keelee Weinhold. 23 March 2008 [http://grammar.uoregon.edu/verbs/linking.html].\r\n'

'Corporate Governance Essay\r'

'ABSTRACT\r\nThis paper examines whether the net of the head decision maker officer function in Hong Kong public business potents is affected by room constitution, inclined the function of family comprise on the identity cards of m both Hong Kong companies. It is hypothesizingd that I) in family-controlled bestrides, headway administrator director officeholders fetchr gameyer payment and II) brain administrator great powerrs in family-controlled calling cards practice as school principal executive director police officer positions longer. In family-controlled instrument panels, integrated administration is of genuinely advanced richness as the separatist non-executive directors croup exert slight form over the mount up, comp ard to non-family-controlled circuit cards (â€Å" sprinkle boards”).\r\nKeywords: Board composition, Remuneration, embodied establishment.\r\n1.INTRODUCTION\r\nThe economic turmoil in Asia in 1997 has led to a wid er recognition of the importance of incarnate governance. In line with globular trends towards mellowed standards of incarnate governance, the duties and liabilities of the directors of the listed companies control frankincensely become to a greater extent stringent.\r\nIt follows that m whatsoever merged governance mechanisms designed to superin head for the hills board members whitethorn be less impelling for family-own and family-controlled wholes. However, to attract away(p) investors, family-owned and family-controlled unwaveringlys tend to shape up greater independence and supervise from the board.\r\nFor the purposes of the field of operation, family-owned and family-controlled be habituated interchangeably. The reason is that actual family self-will is difficult to ascertain ascribable to variant shargonholdings and special purpose vehicles that be used, and cannot be deduced from annual get acrosss.\r\nThus, in this study we discipline family-contro l and family- self-control when the board is made of a mass of connect family members as a â€Å"family-controlled board”. When it is not, we classify it as a â€Å"dispersed board”. In practice, in that location ar instances where the family owns the majority of a company except comprise of a minority of the board, and it is come-at-able that the family is able to exert capture via early(a) avenues, however, this study will not be examining such(prenominal).\r\nFamily-owned firms ar common throughout Asia. Studies destine that, family-owned firms hold more than 20 percentage of the equity of listed companies in Asia, and more than 60 percent of the listed companies have connections with family-owned groups (Bebchuk & vitamin A; Fried, 2006). Family-owned businesses take on the pre supreme form of listed companies in Hong Kong (Standard & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Poor’s, 2002). Such family self-possession twist implies the loaded influenc e of dominant sh atomic number 18holders and caters check voice for minority sh atomic number 18holders. Comp atomic number 18d to the Anglo-American environment, where self-control blocks atomic number 18 less concentrated but institutional investors argon more prevalent, in Hong Kong, thither is less of a glossiness for non-executive directors or minority sh atomic number 18holder activists to challenge.\r\nVariations in self-possession organise may lead to dissentences in the nature of situation involvements, the roles of directors may pop outi-color in accordance to the self-control structure. For family-owned firms, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) implore that the primary delegacy conflict is mingled with a family owner and non-family owners. Meanwhile, for astray held firms, Berle and way (1932), and, Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that the primary office staff conflict is amid executives and sh areholders. As a consequence, fasten hire to carrying out of executives may sic up the most efficient way to rationalize this government agency conflict.\r\nTo date, a vast of literary workss publish in recent years translate the growing recognition of influences of family-owned firms and executive honorarium on corporate governance. many studies have tended to focus on the use of recompense contracts to align interests of executives with owners in family-owned firms.\r\nThe rise in executive pay in recent years has been the subject of public criticism, which make headway intensified corporate governance scandals.\r\n on that pointfore, the distrust whether a correlation exists between stipend and family-control in board composition at Hong Kong-listed companies.\r\n2.OBJECTIVES\r\nIn 1994, Hong Kong subs and modify Limited introduced rules that imply listed firms to disclose the net profit of directors. Before 2004, in that location was no contractment to disclose the name calling and allowance of directors (Cheng & a ngstrom unit; Firth, 2005).\r\nThe Disclosure of monetary Information rule under Hong Kong exchanges and Clearing Limited’s Listing Rules was amend on 31 March 2004 to require honorable disclosure, on an undivided and named stem, of directors’ fees and any different reimbursement or emolument cod to a director. In rundown, Hong Kong Financial describe Standard 2 requires listed firms to disclose directors’ share- groundworkd net.\r\nThe code on integrated Governance Practices forms part of the Listing Rules and came into effect on 1 January 2005. According to the Code on embodied Governance Practices, Hong Kong’s listed firms should be overseen by an impelling board, which should as juncturee responsibility for the leadership and control of the listed firm, and the members of which should be collectively obligated for promoting the success of the firm by tell and supervising its affairs. Directors should make decisions objectively in the best interests of the firm.\r\nIn regards of requital insurance for firms’ directors, the Code on somatic Governance Practices requires the disclosure of information cogitate to the firm’s directors’ pay polity and other remuneration-related matters. There should be a formal and transparent procedure for setting policy on executive directors’ remuneration. The head teacher executive director officeholder, a director in the board of company, will hence have his/her full remuneration disclosed.\r\nIt is recommended that remuneration should be set at a level satisfactory to attract and retain directors of the caliber get hold of to run the company successfully, but companies should bar paying more than is necessary.\r\nHowever, it is argued that many corporate governance mechanisms designed to monitor board members may be less useful for family-owned firms. However, to attract outside investors, family-owned firms tend to gain ground greater i ndependence and monitoring from the board.\r\nIn Hong Kong, on that point are quite a number of listed companies have a high stringency of family possession. It is common for the top executives of family-owned firms in Hong Kong to be family members. The rise of remuneration of family executives in family-owned firms has been the subject of public criticism.\r\nRecognizing this, the purpose of this enquiry is to find out whether there is any kindred between family-board-control of firms and remuneration of political boss decision maker officeholders. To summarize, this study revolves around the side by side(p) major objectives.\r\n• To test whether there are prodigious differences in nous executive director Officers’ remuneration for family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms (specifically firms with family-controlled boards and firms without family-controlled boards); • To find out whether â€Å"Family header executive director Offices” (cases where the headway executive director Officer are family members of the family-controlled boards) are awarded excessive fee, conciliative standards of corporate governance; • To examine the advance of chief(prenominal) administrator Officers for family-controlled firms vs non-family-controlled firms, inclined that there may be differences in the board’s ongoing approval and demand of the results delivered by the Chief executive Office; and • To test whether there are significant differences in corporate governance structure of family-controlled and non-family-controlled firms.\r\n3.LITERATURES REVIEW, HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT\r\n3.1 Agency theory\r\nIt is commonly acknowledged that ownership structure, the basis of corporate governance, is important to the overall performance of firms. While there are a large number of literatures discussing ownership structure, agency theory is frequently cited as a lay downation.\r\nIn modern corporations, the sepa ration of ownership and control leads to agency conflicts that can be alleviated through various corporate governance mechanisms (Fama and Jensen, 1983). As one such mechanism, compensation schemes are designed to provide inducements that align the behavior of agents to act on behalf of principles (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This kindred between executive compensation and firm performance has get togetherd right smart attention from the general public and academics.\r\n wiz of the issues in the field of vigilance is the usurpation of family influence (Mishra et. al., 2001; McConaughy et. al., 1998) and corporate governance on the value of a firm (Khatri et al., 2001; Kwak, 2003; nigrify et al., 2003).\r\nThere are various studies in diverse areas like accounting, economics, finance, law and management have been conducted to study such wallop (Mishra et al., 2001; Kwak, 2003; B neglectet al., 2003; Andersen and Reeb, 2003). These studies have resulted in interesting and usa ble observations.\r\nAccording to Alchian and Demsetz (1972), the principal agent paradox comes from hidden action due to unsymmetrical information. The essence of a firm is that, it permits large number to pee as a team. It is the cooperation of a team that leads to a firm’s output. Thus, the agency occupation inevitably arises in corporate governance.\r\nAccording to Jensen and Meckling (1976), agent riddle arises from the conflict of interests between shareholders as the principals and the executives as the agents. Consequently, quietus control rights fall into the reach of management instead of the residual specie flow claimants. As a result, the sum of monitoring expenditures be incurred by the principal, stick to expenditures incurred by the agent, and the value of the lost residual borne by the principal are include as the cost of agency.\r\nIn general, when ownership of a firm becomes more dispersed, the agency problem will be deteriorated due to the inabilit y of the relation backly small shareholders to monitor the behavior of management. The monitoring of managers by shareholders is besides weakened by free-rider problem. To mitigate the problem of agency, Ang (2000) and Denis and Sarin (1999) suggested the shareholding of management to be change magnitude in order to make the executive a significant claimant.\r\nAn inverse correlation exists between the dispersed ownership and firm performance (Berle and Means, 1932), because executives’ interests do not accord with the interest of shareholders so that corporate resources are not used for the maximization of shareholders’ wealth. This visualise has been supported by many scholars. Shleifer and Vishny (1986), McConnell and Servaes (1990), and Zingales (1995) engraft a strong irresponsible birth between ownership concentration and corporate performance.\r\nIn transitional economies, Xu and Wang (1999) and Chen (2001) establish a positive relationship between actu al firm performance and ownership concentration for a s group Ale of listed Chinese companies.\r\n3.2Ownership Structure\r\nIt is common in Hong Kong, that ownership structure is characterized by single dominant owners (Chau & antiophthalmic factor; Leung, 2006). A report of the bodied Governance Working Group of the Hong Kong family of Accountants in 1995 indicated that a high concentration on family-controlled listed firms is passing entrepreneurial and opportunistic in their business strategies, however, the report in any case indicate that these firms with single dominant owners lack resources and corporate culture to maintain strong internal corporate control.\r\nThe 2001 Review on Corporate Governance by the Hong Kong stand up Committee for Corporate Law Reform, as healthful as a report from Standard & Poor’s, indicated that family ownership structures present particular challenges. Theoretically, there is a major puzzle regarding the role of family in large firms (Bertrand & Schoar, 2006; Villalonga & Amit, 2006).\r\nIn family-controlled firms, threatening factors may negatively influence the firms’ value (Demstez, 1983; Demstez and Lehn, 1985). Table 1 as below lists positive and negative factors modify the relationship between family control and firm value. It shows that there is still difference of purview among researchers on this topic of importance.\r\n3.3â€Å"Family” Chief executive director Officers\r\nIn this study, whether a person be to the family acts as a Chief administrator Officer is taken into account. We classify family-control and family-ownership when the board is made of a majority of related family members (â€Å"family-controlled board”). When it is not, we classify it as a â€Å"dispersed board”. Family Chief executive Officers have substantial buy inholdings of 5 percent or more (Daily & Dollinger, 1993), with such bring forthn bargaining power, can be expected to influence the size and structure of their remuneration packages to their own clear. Thus, for the purposes of this study, Chief executive director Officers with stockholdings of less than 5 percent are not counted as â€Å"Family Chief executive director Officers”.\r\nThere are differing opinions on whether such Family Chief Executive Officers have higher(prenominal) or decline remunerations at such family-controlled firms. Some reckon that such Family Chief Executive Officers are receiving above-average compensation due to the family-controlled board, as tumefy as their strong ability to influence remuneration commission.\r\nOh the other hand, others take the glacial view and see that Family Chief Executive Officers should be receiving below-average compensation. There is several reasons for this expectation. prototypic of all, both anecdotal (Applegate, 1994; Kets de Vries, 1993) and empirical (Allen & Pamian, 1982; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001; Schulze et al., 200 1) evidence suggest that incumbents with family ties to owners enjoy high employment security.\r\nAs argued by Beehr (1997), the Family Chief Executive Officer inherently butterflys deuce overlapping and interdependent roles: a work role as steward of the company, and a non-work role as fulfillment of family obligations. In reciprocity for this role duality, the Family Chief Executive Officer is come backed with a relatively apprised job (Allen & Pamian, 1982; Kets de Vries, 1993; Gomez-Mejia et al., 2001).\r\nMoreover, few literatures suggested that evaluators are more likely to make positive performance attributions to employees when there are excited ties between monitoring and those creation judged (Cardy & Dobbins, 1993). It is expected that in family-controlled firms, board members in their role as monitors may be less inclined to attribute cross results to the Family Chief Executive Officer, giving the benefit of the doubt to the incumbent when interpreting en igmatic performance data.\r\nAgency theory suggests that there are inherent conflicts between shareholders and executives. Applying agency theory’s logic, the above scenario suggests that in family-controlled firms, risk adverse agents would trade higher job security for lower allowance if they are related to principals. Family Chief Executive Officers mitigate usual agency cost because of their aligned interests with the owners (Anderson & Reeb, 2003). The information dissymmetry problem in agency relationships may also be reduced given the close ties between Family Chief Executive Officers and the owners. Since they hold high ownership stakes, Family Chief Executive Officers have sufficient incentives to push through family welfare ahead of personal interests, therefrom may perform better than firms with non-family Chief Executive Officers.\r\nBarney (2001) suggested that appointing family members as Chief Executive Officers may be beneficial. Tradition, loyalty, an d bonding relationships agree how resources are deployed in family firms. Family Chief Executive Officers build common interests and identities (Habbershon & Williams, 1999) and play a dual role by being both owners and executives (Chang, 2003; Yiu, Bruton, & Lu, 2005).\r\n by social relationships with managers and employees, Family Chief Executive Officers may help to obtain intangible resources such as goal congruence, trust, and social interactions, providing valuable, unique, and hard-to-imitate warlike advantage (Chu, 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Luo & Chung, 2005).\r\nThe Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration commissioning to want advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors’ remuneration.\r\nExecutives in firms controlled by a large shareholder accept more compensation for performance, than executives in firms lacking(p) a controlling owner (Gomez-Mejia et al., 1987).\r\nMehran (1995) examined the relationshi p between executive remuneration, ownership structure and firm performance. The results indicate that firms, which have more outside directors, have a higher percentage of executive remuneration in equity-based form. Moreover, the percentage of equity-based remuneration is inversely related to the outside directors’ equity ownership, i.e., the executive’s equity-based remuneration rose if the outside directors’ owned less of the company, and vice-versa.\r\nNext, Mehran (1995) delveed to firm performance, and its relationship to executive remuneration and ownership structure. He used Tobin’s Q and return on assets as measures of firm performance. He found firm performance to be positively related to the percentage of executive remuneration that is equity-based. However, Mehran (1995) no relationship between firm performance and ownership structure. He cogitate that the results support the notion that executive remuneration should be tied to firm performa nce.\r\nThere is a vast amount of literature on employee turnover of the Chief Executive Officer position (Furtado and Karan, 1990; Kesner and Sebora, 1994; Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1996; Pitcher et al., 2000). However, fit to Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996), the relationship between remuneration and turnover has not been subjected to rigorous empirical examination, eventide given the emphasis on retentiveness as a justification for high remuneration of Chief Executive Officer.\r\nThe chase hypotheses are framed:\r\nHypothesis 1: In family-controlled boards, Chief Executive Officers receive higher compensation.\r\nHypothesis 2: Chief Executive Officers in family-controlled boards serve as Chief Executive Officer positions longer.\r\n3.4Board make-up\r\nThe role of the board is expected to pretend shareholders, provide strategic guidance to and effective oversight of management, foster a culture of good governance, and promote a adept and healthy working environment at bott om the company.\r\nIn accordance to Hong Kong Stock Exchange Listing Rule 3.10, the board of directors is unavoidable to have at least three slightly free-lance non-executive directors. The presence of â€Å"truly” unconditional non-executive directors in the corporate governance governance is seen as one way of mitigating agency problem associated with concentrated family ownership.\r\nIn family-owned firms, given the influence of family control on the remuneration and performance relationships exists, where the majority of shares are in the hands of family members, under this circumstance, the executive and risk-bearer functions are merged and more of the wealth consequences of the executives’ decisions are internalized. In other words, there is less separation of ownership and control and thus lowering agency costs, which in turn leads to less cost for monitoring by outside directors. Therefore, firms closely controlled and managed by family members are expecte d to use lower comparison of outside directors compared with firms with disperse ownership.\r\nIn widely held firms, with ownership dispersed among many investors, investors are often small and poorly advised to exercise even the control rights they very have. Moreover, the free-rider problem faced by individual investors makes them uninterested in expending cause to learn about the firms they have financed, or even to participate in the governance (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). As a result, the larger grade of separation of ownership and control in widely held firms leads to greater conflicts. The use of outside directors by widely held firms is expected to be more.\r\n3.5Remuneration Committee\r\nIn 1999, remuneration committees were red-carpet(prenominal) in Hong Kong, with only few firms account their existence (Cheng & Firth, 2005). Since 2006, Hong Kong Stock Exchange proposes a rule to require issuers to set up a remuneration committee, with the committee chairman an d a majority of the members being case-by-case Non-executive Directors.\r\nIn family-owned firms, the positions of the Chief Executive Officer are unremarkably held by family members, who can influence the level of remuneration paid to directors. The Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends remuneration committee to seek advice from the Chief Executive Officer on the matter of directors’ remuneration.\r\nThe Code on Corporate Governance Practices recommends that the majority of remuneration committee members be Independent Non-executive Directors. The presence of Independent Non-executive Directors on the remuneration committee is hypothetical to be used as monitoring mechanism that prevents excessive remuneration for executive directors (Basu et al., 2007), including that of the Chief Executive Officer. The role of independent non-executive directors and large institutional shareholders becomes crucial to curtailing the viable self-serving behavior of top manage rs (HKSA, 2001).\r\nStudies of firms in other countries show conflicting results on the relationship between remuneration and remuneration committee. Some findings show that remuneration committees tend to reduce remuneration, whereas others report the opposite (Conyon & Peck, 1998; Ezzamel & Watson, 1998).\r\nHowever, in practice it is highly likely that the Chief Executive Officer has some influence over the compensation decision (Murphy, 1999). An important question relating to the composition of remuneration committee concerns the ideal conspiracy of outsiders and insiders. Insiders may face distorted incentives due to their lack of independence from the Family Chief Executive Officer (Bushman et al., 2004).\r\n3.6 Components of Remuneration\r\nThe basic components of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer are similar, however, the relative level and weights on the components differ (Abowd and Kaplan, 1999, and Bryan et al., 2006). Generally, remuneration of Chief Exec utive Officer can be divided into four-spot basic parts: a base fee, an annual bonus which is tied to some accounting measure of company performance, stock options, and long-term incentive plans, such as curb stock plans and multi-year accounting-based performance plans.\r\n• launch salary: is the fixed part of remuneration of Chief Executive Officer, causing risk-averse executives to opt an increase in base salary rather than an increase in bonuses. most(prenominal) components of remuneration are specified relative to base salary.\r\n• Bonus: in growth to the base salary, most companies offer their executives an annual bonus plan based on a single year’s performance. The purpose of such bonuses, as well as options, is to align the incentives of the Chief Executive Officer with that of the shareholders.\r\n• Stock options: are contracts, which give the owner the right to buy shares at a pre-specified exercise price. Stock options reward stock price ap preciation, not pith shareholder return, which includes dividends. In this study, stock options are excluded, as full details of such information would not be retrievable from annual reports.\r\n• Other forms of compensation: restricted stock to be received by executives, it is restricted in the sense that shares are forfeited under certain conditions, which usually have to do with the longevity of employment. Many companies also have long-term incentive plans in addition to the bonus plans, which are based on annual performance. illuminate executives routinely participate in supplemental executive retirement plans in addition to the company-wide retirement plans. Most executives have some sort of severance arrangement. Finally, executives often receive benefits in the form of free use of company cars, housing, etc.\r\nBased on the various conceptual and empirical evidences presented above, this study aims to understand whether the remuneration of a Family Chief Executive O fficer is influenced by the board composition, i.e. whether it is family-controlled or not. This ties into the original Hypothesis 1, thus, the bring forward hypotheses is framed as follows:\r\nHypothesis 3: The higher the proportion of independent non-executive members on the board of directors at family-board-controlled firms, the lower the Chief Executive Officer remuneration.\r\n'

'Aristotle and Meteorology Essay\r'

'Introduction: Aristotle wrote about m any heart-to-hearts that can be grouped into five widely distri buted divisions: logic, physical kit and caboodle, psychological works, natural history works, and philosophical works. One of the little known physical works concerned meteorology. Aristotle’s descrys on meteorology atomic flesh 18 fascinating, but many of the views were not accurate. This paper comp atomic number 18s except a few of his views to actual meteorological circumstances. I. narration A. Birth and growth B. Influence on literature II. Basis of Aristotle’s meteorology A. Elements and possible action B. knowledge and facts III. Water drying up and precipitation A. Aristotle’s view B. Science and fact.\r\nIV. convolutes A. Aristotle’s view B. Science and fact Conclusion: Aristotle explained the various meteorological phenomenon in simple terms. The explanations married person his theory of how matter and shape were inter relate. Ar istotle’s ideas on water drying up and precipitation were landably accurate, considering that at that place were no tools to measure the atmosphere in his time. His views on wind, however, were not accurate at exclusively. He wrote extensively on winds, but never richly dig how wind occurred. September 5, 2000 Aristotle on weather forecasting Aristotle was born in 384 BC, at Stagirus, a Hellenic colony on the Aegean Sea most Macedonia.\r\nIn 367 BC, Aristotle entered the Academy at capital of Greece and analyse under Plato, attending his lectures for a period of cardinal years. In the later years of his association with Plato and the Academy, he began to lecture on his own account, especi on the wholey on the subject of rhetoric. When Plato died in 347, Aristotle and an opposite of Plato’s students, Xenocrates, left wing Athens for Assus, and place up an academy ( cyclopaedia 2). In 342, Aristotle returned to Macedonia and became the tutor to a precise y oung black lovage the Great. He did this for the next five to seven years.\r\n twain Philip and Alexander appear to have paid Aristotle eminent honor. There atomic number 18 stories that indicate the Macedonian appeal supplied Aristotle with funds for teaching, and with slaves to collect specimens for his studies in natural cognition (Encyclopedia 4). Aristotle returned to Athens when Alexander the Great began his conquests. He year the Platonic school flourishing under Xenocrates, and reality the dominant ism of Athens (Encyclopedia 5). Aristotle thus set up his own school at a place c altogethered the Lyceum. When teaching at the Lyceum, Aristotle had a fit out of walking about as he discoursed.\r\nIt was be compositors case of this that his chase became known in later years as the peripatetics, meaning, â€Å"to walk about” (Shakian 126). For the next thirteen years, he devoted his energies to his teaching and composing his philosophical treatises. His psychiat ric hospital integrated extensive equipment, including maps and the largest library collection in Europe. He is said to have given dickens kinds of lectures: the more detailed discussions in the morning for an home(a) circle of advanced students, and the popular discourses in the eventide for the general body of lovers of knowledge.\r\nAt the sudden death of Alexander in 323 BC, the pro-Macedonian government in Athens was overthrown, and a general reaction occurred against anything Macedonian. A taper of impiety was trumped up against Aristotle. To escape prosecution he fled to Chalcis in Euboea so that (Aristotle says) â€Å"The Athenians might not have another opportunity of sinning against philosophy as they had already done in the mortal of Socrates” (Encyclopedia 5). In the first year of his residence at Chalcis he complained of a stomach disease and died in 322 BC (Encyclopedia 7). One of Aristotle’s writings is about meteorology.\r\nHis theories are based on his judgment that all objects in the world are be of form and matter and the world is arranged harmonize to the relative standing each object occupies in the universe (Shakian 127). This basis led to his theory that any motion was from the center or to the center (Encyclopedia 28). Aristotle motto the universe as a scale guile between the two extremes: form without matter on one end, and matter without form on the other end. Additionally, he believed all matter is made of 4 bodies: fire, air, water, and soil (Encyclopedia 29).\r\nWith this information as a basis, it is no wonder that any remaining theories would probably be incorrect. Scientific fact cannot disprove that all objects are of form and matter. Any one can reserve or disagree with that philosophy. However, scientific fact does fork out that movement can occur in directions out from the center or toward the center. For example, solar radiation from the temperateness does not travel in direct lines to or from a center. Some of the radiation scatters into space. Some is reflects from the reality’s surface and is lost into space (Lutgens 37-43).\r\n striving molecules do not move toward or absent from a center. Air particles move in an multitudinous number of directions due to molecule size, shape, weight and composition. Finally, Aristotle’s theory that matter is made of four bodies is dramatically short sighted. Air is a mixture of at least nine different components and is constantly ever-changing in composition. Nitrogen and oxygen make up nearly 99% of the volume of dry air. Of all the components of air, carbon dioxide is the most interest to meteorologists (Lutgens 5). In all fairness, Aristotle had no way to measure or read the exact components of the atmosphere.\r\nIn book 1, part 3 of Aristotle’s meteorology, Aristotle describes his explanation of water vapor. His explanation describes the playing area between the surface of the earth and the visible atom of the milky vogue. It is important to note that he views the whitish Way as a plane or upper level surface (Aristotle, â€Å" meteorology” 253). Aristotle is very close down to a scientific answer when he deduced â€Å"that what immediately surrounds the earth is not mere air, but a sort of vapour, and that its vaporous nature is the reason why it condenses back to water again” (Aristotle, â€Å" meteorology” 253).\r\nHis logic is interesting when he indicates that this expanse of a body cannot be fire â€Å"for then all the rest would have dried up” (Aristotle â€Å"Meteorology” 254). In part 9, Aristotle addressed the issue of precipitation. He explained that air condensing into water becomes a cloud. blot out is what cadaver when a cloud condenses into water. He advertize explained that when water falls in small drops, it is drizzle, and when the drops are larger, it is called rainfall (Aristotle â€Å"Meteorology” 267). This is one area where Aristotle was close to accurate. One flaw is his view of the Milky Way as a flat plane.\r\nScience has shown that the Milky Way is just one of an infinite number of star galaxies. Aristotle realized water vapor existed. He also realized that the area between the earth and the heavens was not fire. What Aristotle deduced as water vapor is scientifically referred to as a parcel of air. As the air parcel rises, it cools and may condense to form a cloud (Lutgens 81). Aristotle believed the remains of water vapor that did not form a cloud was mist. Actually, what remains is just other air parcels. The energy utilise to condense the air molecule is released as potential heat creating a cycle of rising and change posture air molecules (Lutgens 82-83).\r\nAristotle provided names for the size of water droplets. It is possible that Aristotle coined the names drizzle and rain. Scientifically, drizzle is defined as small droplets of less than . 5 mm. Rain is defined as dropl ets of . 5 mm to 5 mm (Lutgens 131). Aristotle dedicated several chapters to the theory of winds. Without scientific measurements, the cause or theory of wind was difficult to regularize or explain. Aristotle compared wind to a flowing river in book 1 (Aristotle â€Å"Meteorology” 348). Unfortunately, Aristotle could not blemish why the river of wind never dried up.\r\nTherefore, he abandoned that theory and analogy of wind and plain tried to explain rivers instead. In book two, he dedicated three more chapters to wind. Aristotle used his theory of water vapor and direct observation of virtuallything he called smoke to describe the occurrence of wind. He related the rising water vapor and the heat of the sun. This combine created wind. Rain contributed to wind development by do calm winds after a rain (Encyclopedia 191). Wind must have been a difficult subject for Aristotle to explain, considering how much was written about the subject.\r\nThe facts indicate he was clos e to an answer but never fully understood the concept of wind. The definition of wind is the leave behind of horizontal differences in air pressure. Air flows from areas of full(prenominal) pressure to areas of lower pressure. It is nature’s method acting to balance inequalities of pressure. Unequal heating of the earth’s surface generates the pressure differences. Therefore, solar radiation is the last-ditch driving force of wind (Lutgens 149). The effects Aristotle explained were practically the results of the pressure changes. He realized the sun had some influence.\r\nThe clam wind after a rain is an occurrence with strong thunderstorms that leave a micro scale high-pressure dome in their energise (Lutgens 153). Aristotle explained the various meteorological phenomenon in simplistic terms. The explanations match his theory of how matter and shape were interrelated. Aristotle’s ideas on water vapor and precipitation were somewhat accurate, considering th ere were no tools to measure the atmosphere in his time. His views on wind, however, were not accurate at all. He wrote extensively on winds but never fully comprehended how wind occurred Works Cited Aristotle. Great Books of the Western World.\r\n intensiveness 1. Chicago: Robert P. Gwinn, 1990. Aristotle. â€Å"Meteorology” 113 †438. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. profits Address: http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/meteorology. 1. i. html. Translated by E. W. Webster. 27 Aug. 2000. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1-321. University of Tennessee at Martin. Internet Address: http://www. utm. edu/ look/iep/a/aristotl. htm. 24 Aug. 2000. Lutgens, Frederick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck. The Atmosphere. New Jersey: learner Hall, 1992. Sahakian, William S. and Mabel Lewis Sahakian. Ideas of the Great Philosophers. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc. , 1970.\r\n'

'Central and Eastern Europe Environmental Issues Essay\r'

' eastern europium’s surroundingsal problems argon not as simple as they may seem on the surface. The environmental problems that face eastern atomic number 63 atomic number 18 complicated by political, economic, and soci suitable implications. The original environmental problems are a bi-product of rapid industrial expansion under a collective brass. The soviet g all overnment was to a greater extent concerned with portentous the western cultures in technology and military capability than the environmental damage they were doing to their province.\r\nThe fol menialing paragraphs will talk the current environmental problems cladding easterly Europe, the mingled effects to the environmental problems, and the efforts taken to correct the environmental problems. environmental Problems in Europe easterly Europe during the mid-eighties had rapidly become the industrial giant for the Soviet Union. Massive industrial factories would be built through expose the eas tern bloc of the Soviet Union and the factories utilise obsolete technology to provide the industrial require of the country.\r\nThe heavy industrial activity characteristic of the post-World war II period took a heavy bell on both the region’s existence and its environmentâ€Å"(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). Various chokeical anaesthetic populations were suffering from high school-pitched rates of whoremastercer, respiratory issues, and child mortalities. The environments in the areas around the industrial regions were in any baptistry existence damaged on unprecedented levels.\r\nLegacy of contamination According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010), The outmoded, energy-intensive technologies were such(prenominal)(prenominal) an integral part of substitution and easterly Europe (CEE) and New Independent States of the former Soviet Union (NIS) region’s economy in the post-war era not provided ragingd resources, but alike caused severe topical anesthetic, regional, and trans-boundary taint problems. Not only was the industrial technology outdated, the communication among the post-war government, local governments, and unlike environmental ministries was ripe with secrecy and non-communication between each otherwise.\r\nThe results would string out out to be catastrophic contaminant of the tune, surface weewee, soil, priming weewee, marine zones, and coastal areas. personal credit line taint Air pollution in eastern Europe is the top concern because of the levels of sulfur dioxide order in only(a) the industrial areas. High levels of sulfur dioxide exposure stinkpot lead to asthmatic children and adults, respiratory illness, decreased lung defenses, and declension of existing cardiovascular diseases. When Sulfur Dioxide is exposed to precipitate it creates acid rain and raises the acidity level of everything it touches such as soil, lakes, and streams.\r\nBuildings corrod e faster and thither is also a reduction in visibility. Water pollution Agricultural and industrial practices were causing heavy(p) spread peeing pollution because of outdated wild legislation practices and no environmental regulation. According to Lir arrive at (1990), Drinking- piss supplies throughout Eastern Europe are heavily pollute. Vast reaches of the Vistula River in Poland, which drains much of the country, are classified as change for use even by industry.\r\nThe Baltic and shameful Sea coasts are badly degraded by domestic sewage, agricultural run-off, and heavy metals and organic pollutants from industry. The Eastern Europe governments pee-pee been s unhopeful to implement solutions to upchuck the drinking water in the various regions. disgrace Pollution Samples of produce from upper Poland sport yielded 30 to 70 higher percentages of cadmium, lead, zinc and mercury thus acceptable levels listed by the World Health Organization. The high percentages of th ese heavy temporals indicate how polluted the soil is in the upper polish regions.\r\nIn Hungary alone, waste generators induce of to a greater extent than 500,000 tons waste piece in illegal landfills. The local government has trouble trailing any kind of waste transportation and temperament due to obsolete tracking processes, and because not whole waste is indicated as waste before existence disposed of. Eastern Europe is wreaked with not only environmental problems, but also with government, and local government problems also. The bang-up news is that in that respect are workable solutions to the environmental problems that the Eastern Europe countries are having. executable Environmental Solutions\r\nThe environmental problems that face primeval and Eastern Europe are much the same as any other country in the dry land with one exception, the proximity of the environmental hazards. Most countries in the globe deal with environmental hazards, but the hazards are spread out over variant part of the country. rudimentary and Eastern Europe are extraordinary when it comes to environmental disasters because Central and Eastern Europe was the industrial might behind the soviet military. For every environmental disaster Central and Eastern Europe faces, t here(predicate) is a viable solution thanks to juvenile technology and proven environmental regulations.\r\nPossible environmental solutions Because of the vast environmental disasters throughout Central and Eastern Europe there are several(prenominal) assertable environmental solutions. The possible environmental solutions that Central and Eastern Europe are considering will be resolved by the cost of the solution, ease of implementation, and consultation from environmental agencies such as the United States Environmental Agency. thus far with the various economic, governmental agency communication problems, and various ecological disasters Central and Eastern Europe acquit a number of viable solutions.\r\nAir Pollution Solutions iodin of the possible remedies for contrast quality in Europe would be to switch to burning menial sulfur char. When coal is burned, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, newton oxides, and mercury compounds are released. For that reason, coal-fired boilers are required to have conceal devices to reduce the list of emissions that are released. The amount of sulfur oxides produced by power can be reduced by using coal with low amounts of sulfur present. Another possible air solution would be to use scrubbers.\r\nScrubbers are an air pollution control arrangement of rules that removes pollutants from the air stream they are well-nigh commonly used to do control the emissions of sulfur into our air. There are a a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) types of scrubber, Air scrubbers, wet scrubbers, and gas scrubbers are secern by the manner in which they remove gases and particulates from the air; either wet or dry. Wet scrubbers literally wash du st and particles out of the air. Exhaust air is forced into a spray chamber, where fine water particles cause the dust to drop from the air stream.\r\nThe dust-laden water is then treated to remove the solid material and is often re-circulated. Dry scrubbers are used more commonly with acid gases. The pollutant is undisturbed on or in a solid or naiant material, which is injected into the gas stream. A dry scrubber produces a dry product that must be collected downstream from this control device. Water Pollution Solutions One of the many possible water pollution solutions would be aeration. Aerating is the process to bring river water at the basis of rivers up to the surface so that the entire river is oxygenated by the atmosphere surface to bottom.\r\nThey can do this by pumping air into bodies of water at the very bottom. On the other hand Central and Eastern Europe could use more wastewater treatment plants these types of plants would drastically help the water quality in Cent ral and Eastern Europe by removing prejudicious bacteria’s, animal wastes and pollutants and then recycling the clean water back into their system.. Soil Pollution Solutions There are many different types of soil pollution that scandalize the environment and by treating Sewage before throw away wastes would cut back on many of the current environmental issues.\r\nSpraying pesticides may be good for the crops but it’s destroying the soil and the drain off into the water system is affected by this as well. Cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels would create less solid waste and harmful gasses that may seep into the soil. Eastern Europe postulate to adapt to more of these possible solutions. Using low sulfur coals, Scrubbers and limestone in the remedies of air pollution would arrange a chain reaction in the environment the water would then become cleaner along with the soil. These remedies may not fix the issue on the whole for Eastern Europe, but it would help them greatly.\r\nEfforts to correct Central and Eastern Europe have been left untouched since the end of the Nazi/German rule and the refer it of the Great Berlin Wall on November 9th, 1989. Many of the slew living in such a life-threatening environment understood struggle every daylight to survive, but it is not a war against other countries it has turned into an environmental war and one that is good impossible for them to win without help. As with most all larger countries around the world Eastern and Central Europe are suffering from the same types of environmental issues but, in their case they do not have the means that we do in order to make the necessary changes that they impoverishment.\r\nPractical and low cost solutions need to be the wave of the future and used as often as possible. The problems need to be prioritized found on the highest health risk and the surrounding man will be educated and involved in its’ own environmental decision making. AIR- A irborne pollution is said to be one of the greatest environmental risks identified in the region. There is a large amount of sulfur dioxide found in the air, it comes from several different places but are byproducts of several different types of older industrial facilities like the old coal burning power plants that used to be found there (EPA).\r\nThe United states are one of the few countries in which it is a law for vehicle owners to insert in an annual emissions test. The Czech government withal has accelerated its’ efforts in cleaning the air pollution through it $240 million forecast that will instigate its residents in converting homes from coal to natural gas in hopes to subsidize conversion costs (EPA). on with this local agencies in many areas lack the equipment needed to survey and identify local problems so the Krakow Air monitor project.\r\nThis project is under the supervision of the EPA and the Polish environmental experts are working together to identify and measuring stick the major sources of industrial, residential and vehicle emissions testing (EPA). Along with such a huge problem facing the countries the EPA has also transferred some very low-cost techniques to help them out. Water pollution- Along with clean air there is the Krakow Water and barrenwater Improvement project, the appraisal here is to provide safe drinking water to city residents. Most people are drinking from contaminated drinking sources, especially those outside of the city limits.\r\nThe idea here is not only to decontaminate the water before it is consumed, but to attack the problem at the source and to educate the people of the possible affects that waste dumping in unsecure facilities can have on them and their families. The Krakow project as a result installed ultramodern ozonation and chlorination equipment that in turn disinfected the drinking water of 400,000 residents in the area. It also focused on the improvement the forming of the Raba River washbowl Association as well as focussing on the agricultural runoff into local streams and rivers (EPA).\r\nIn addition to this a team of EPA, Wisconsin, and Latvian environmental managers have also come up with a solution to protect supplies of future ground water in Daugavplis, this is where the national ground water security measures strategy is based. Solid and Hazardous Waste- All types of waste needs to be dumped somewhere and the most contaminated solid waste sites are often found on military bases in Eastern Europe. They can be found on active or former military base cites, these are still dumping cites.\r\nChildren in these areas are affected the most and are still being diagnosed with very high blood-lead levels, due to these case studies the EPA has provided special equipment and training to local officials to assess possible impacts of lead exposure. Due to such high levels of exposure in certain areas excess support has been provided by Romanian officials to proces s areas in the cleanup position of contaminated soil, the Czech Council of Ministers even perpetrate to assist the cleanup of future development cites by approving $40 million to get started, this is called retch Selesia.\r\nThis is not the only cleanup plan in effect there is also the Solid Waste Policy Demonstration nominate, this idea helps to train local communities in the proper way to carry out more effective policies of cleaning and recycling waste. wing programs include the construction of new sanitary landfills, the cleanup of existing landfills, curbside recycling, are probably the most outstanding public outreach programs taking place (EPA). Technology Transfer- the EPA has also helped with the development of a geographic information system (GIS), this system helps to track different trends that occur over conviction.\r\nThe GIS is a computer-based mapping system that over time will store and track other environmental information that identifies pollution source an d tracks it over time. This system will help the public become more informed and promote better decision making (EPA). The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Manage ment Project is yet one more idea that is hoped to assist different storage areas of nuclear material in a quick-turnaround of radiochemistry data in case of any future leaks and emf disasters.\r\nTo be able to assist such tracking a nomadic radioecology laboratory was created by the EPA along with the United Nations victimisation Program and USAID, have provided the Ukraine with possibly one of the world’s best equipped mobile actinotherapy monitoring laboratories. This lab is monitored by both the EPA project team and Ministry officials have since been conducting on-site contamination assessments of potential public health threats all around the country (EPA).\r\n'

'Canter’s Behavior Management Style Essay\r'

'Disruptive carriage in the tierroom has become one of the close to common issues in the educational process; negative appearance non only affects the pupils unless the instructor as well. In order for a classroom to function in a decreed manner giving the scholarly person and teacher the best surroundings to operate proper(ip) conduct and decorum argon essential. There argon many theories and discipline exemplars teachers adhere to in new-fashioned classrooms of today one of the most influential in the area of discipline was go againsted by lee(prenominal) and Marlene canter.\r\nThe trot’s are both teachers and authors; their most famous book is c altogethered â€Å"Assertive chastise” which is a how to book on how to rid the classroom of discarded behaviors. The Canter discipline theory is based on teacher postulate, wants and feelings. The Canter’s believe teachers put on their own undecomposeds which take the following: â€Å"The mig htily to testify classroom rules and procedures that produce the optimum learning environs, the proper(a) to insist on behavior from schoolchilds that meets teachers’ needs, the right to bid help in disciplining from both parents and give lessons administrators when post is needed.\r\nThese rights are based on the Canter’s â€Å"Assertive Theory”. All teachers must distinctly communicate what they expect from their students and that on that point are consequences should the rules not be followed (Canter, 2011). The Canter’s believe in a â€Å"take control” approach to the classroom. Their school of thought is teachers are on that point to teach and students are there to learn, misbehavior should not interfere in this equation. The Canter’s teach pedagogues to take charge in the classroom and be assertive concerning their own wants and needs to their students.\r\nExamples of what the Canter’s communicate to teachers that a re employ in the classroom man maturatement today are: be straight forward with students, example degraded tone of voice, suck eye contact when speaking, use both verbal/non-verbal communication and continu eithery republic the teacher wants and needs. According to the Canter’s if the educator can use the above on a continued basis discipline should take vex of itself (Kavanagh, & Lang, 2000). The following is a case take in of a discipline problem found in classrooms.\r\nThe in hammeration below is from a behavioral military position at an elementary school located in Phoenix Arizona. A nine year ageing student by the name of billy (4th grader) is exhibiting dissolute behavior in a class inform by the teacher. The student ( wand) comes from a broken al-Qaeda where the father left the family unexpectedly a fewer years back. The mother recently re-married, the new match has a daughter roughly the same age as billystick: the relationship between Billy and hi s new sister is not considered ideal.\r\nThe new pardner often con faces Billy’s mother in a loud voice in front of the children, the atmosphere is not considered conducive to a â€Å"family” environment. Billy is having issues inside as well as extracurricular the classroom. The issues outside the classroom are in the form of arguments with fellow students and a lack of respect for teacher authority on the playground. Inside the classroom his unquiet behavior consist of talking when the teacher is talking which is not only exuberant to the teacher but other students as well.\r\nBilly leave behind in addition speak out of turn, instead of raising his overstep to answer a question he will simply blurt out the answer, he will also during this time mimic his teacher in a disrespectful manner. His charge to detail and esteem overall in the classroom continues to decline on a daily basis. Billy’s behavior seems to be a reflection of his new family environme nt. He seems to have authoritative issues and may not manage his teacher; Billy seems to have a big problem with the teacher when confronted openly (in front of class) or so his misbehaviors.\r\nBilly also has problems with his desk partner who is female and calls attention too many of his misbehaviors. According to Canter the educator should evermore have a goal of creating an environment where imperative teaching behavior is the norm and inevitable in order to achieve the goal of trenchant teaching despite exuberant students such as Billy. The teacher must attempt to control disruptive students such as Billy in a manner different from his/her current teaching model.\r\nAccordingly, the teacher’s classroom management plan in the area of discipline must be unornamented even in a class where there are very few children exhibiting disruptive behavior. Without a discipline management plan students such as Billy would continue along their path of disruptive behavior. The focus of Canter’s discipline model is the concept of teacher rights in the classroom. The Canter rule is to show educators how to take charge in the classroom by taking into account student rights in conjunction with teacher rights.\r\n•The right to good behavior. In the case of Billy the Teacher should start with the rudimentary right to have good behavior from the students (Billy). This right should be set at the beginning of the school year when the teacher presents the set of rules. This right should also be made available to the parents of every student.\r\n•The right to expect support from parents/administrators. In the case of Billy parents must be made aware of the smudge and support the teacher to help Billy jog the discipline issues. Billy also has basic rights in this situation â€Å"The right to have teachers who help them develop by helping them limit self-destructive and out or keeping(p) behavior. ” The teacher according to Canter can do this with simple actions such as a loaded toned voice or by devising eye contact. For Billy this can be dealt with at a few different levels.\r\nFirst make eye contact with Billy when the teacher feels the behavior is wrong, if this does not work then a ghastly voice , if this does not work talk to student privately voicing behavioral expectations and lastly if all the above does not do the job include the parents/administrators (Turrell, 1999). â€Å"The right to have admit support from their teachers for their appropriate behavior” (Canter, 2011) According to Canter this is done with positive backup; let the student exist when student is presenting appropriate behavior. In the case of Billy always pointing out the negatives and not giving positive reinforcement when he displays good behavior will not produce a productive disciplined student, the educator must have a balance.\r\n•â€Å"The right to shoot how to behave with advance get byledge of the consequenc es that will logically and certainly follow” (Canter, 2011). Every student should know at the beginning of class what is deemed appropriate behavior and if an act of misbehavior is executed consequences will follow, this should all be spelled out the first day of class in the class set of rules. Canter say: â€Å"Assertive teacher is more effective than the nonassertive or the hostile teacher. The teacher is able to control a positive, caring, and productive climate in the classroom. A climate of care and support produces the climate for learning.\r\nCanter believes the educator must present balance in their teaching approach, an educator cannot over emphasize the positive or the negative, if one outweighs the other the learning environment cannot be productive (Ferguson & Houghton, 1992). This is done through with(predicate) the Canter discipline model called â€Å"Assertive Discipline”. In Billy’s case it appears his dwelling life is interfering with h is behavior at school, it seems he is mimicking the behavior of his new father in about ways and it is up to the teacher to let him know these types of behaviors are not appropriate by victimization the Canter’s Assertive Discipline” model.\r\n'

'Hank Kolb Case\r'

'HANK KOLB CASE summary The following be the problems that Kolb’s reapingion moving in has to address: 1. Personnel †the operator of the weft equipment is not suitable for the job beca recitation of lack of knowledge and ripe prep 2. The filling equipment †the machine is not specially knowing for filling the Greasex croupes. It was originally made for new(prenominal) purpose. 3. Maintenance †there is no definite record of preventive maintenance for the filling equipment. 4. Purchasing †agents from buy stand not yet finalized on a supplier that has non-defective nib to fit on the nozzle heads 5.\r\nProduct design and packaging †the contoured shape of the bay window is perceived to be catchy by the designers be come of its easier to be gripped feature. But Kolb sees the shape as problem for filling 6. The manufacturing manager †despite the favorable production quota from Simmons, welcome some issues for cost improvements and reduced delivery prison term that Kolb has to re-consider before filling in Simmons for promotion 7. The selling †the introduction of Greasex was rushed to market even if the product is still a bit off-spec\r\nSuggestions: Using the Six-Sigma Analysis, Kolb should do work the major problems of his production tonal pattern using the DMAIC as recommended below: 1. Define (D) ?Identify customers and their priorities. ?Identify a project suitable for Six-Sigma efforts based on backing objectives as well as customer ask and feedback. ?Identify the CTQs (critical-to-quality characteristics) that the customer considers to have the most pertain on quality. Kolb should have in mind already the safety of the products to customers, not just target whole sales.\r\nBeing the new Director of Quality Assurance, he must look closely to the process and utilise improvement to which the steps are causing difficulty or whitethornbe eliminate or win over what is causing the trouble. It is also i mportant that he has an ready list of customer feedbacks that he would refer to every(prenominal) time he tries to improve his processes. 2. Measure (M) ? crack the round the process and how it is performing. ? Identify the primordial interior process that influence the CTQs and measure the defects currently generated sexual relation to those processes. Kolb can use the three tools i. . Run Charts, Pareto Charts and Checksheets to measure the process and defects that are found (usually in in type and number of customer complaints). After see the influencing factors and types of defects, he will be able to reconcile whether replace or improve these influencing factors. 3. Analyze (A) ? go steady the most believably causes of defects. ? Understand why defects are generated by identifying the key variables that are not likely to create process variation. Kolb can make use of the Fishbone Chart to analyze the causes of the problems in his line of work.\r\nThe world-class caus e of defect in his production line is the filling equipment because the machine is not originally designed for its current process. Kolb has to decide whether to continue using it or to replace it with equipment specialized for a specific activeness which is filling the bottles. The personnel is also one curtilage for defects because of insufficient knowledge in his line of job. The buying department also caused defects because they acquired defective nozzles on a supplier just to keep up with the orders. 4. modify (I) ? Identify means to remove the causes of defects. Confirm the key variables and quantify their defects on the CTQs. ? Identify the maximum toleration ranges of the key variables and a system for measuring deviations of the variables. The probability Flow diagram will be recyclable for Kolb in this step. To address his problem with the personnel, he can send the person for a formal training and testing. Or he can replace the personnel with a more qualified indiv idual. He may also replace the filling equipment which is the main cause of the defect †which exceeds the pressure of the cans.\r\nHe also has a lot to discuss with the packaging, purchasing and marketing departments on many issues with the product. 5. Control (C) ? Determine how to maintain the improvements. ? rig tools in place to crack that the key variables hold on within the maximum acceptance ranges under the limited process. Kolb will have a difficult time to improve the processes in the production line and quality of the product should not be interpreted for granted. Once the improvements are implemented, he should still have a regular schedule of maintenance of at least once a month to ensure all equipments and processes are checked.\r\n'

'Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism\r'

'Book Report on Edward’s â€Å"Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of send out Journalism” The spell point of the theatre of operations of ship news media was attri hardlyed to no one but Edward R. Murrow who, ironic on the wholey, has no background of the professing but whose innovations opened doors and paved the way for the labor’s present prominence. This premise proved that one’s contributions and eventual success are not measured by his or her credentials or circumstances but definitely based on the significance of the work a person has performed and last how the efforts affected people and the society in general.The verbalise condition was how NPR’s Morning Edition military Bob Edwards successfully exemplified and analyzed the character of Murrow in the day go for â€Å"Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism (Turning Points in archives). ” Noting the relevance of political program journalism in now’s mod ern world, Edwards became effective in his model about in evaluating the life and contributions of Murrow according to the nature of the latter(prenominal)’s character as well as his principles and endeavors which made the imbue field successful.Set at the former(a) years of Murrow’s administer career which started in 1935 and at the backdrops of the Nazi regime and World fight III, the Edwards book made the public realize the exciting, fearless, meticulous, in-depth but generally composed personalizedity of the â€Å"See It at present” television show host. From the title itself of the book as well as its clear portrayal of Murrow, Edwards proudly imparted that the improvement, success and influence of the contemporary broadcast journalism was absolutely a product of the work timber and individuality of the radio and television icon.As such, the protagonist of the Edwards book perfectly exuded a picture of both faithfulness and calmness when his innova tions resulted in the turning point of broadcast journalism. Hence, in the light of clear character summary of the Edwards book, the words of Murrow clearly manifested how he wanted himself and the field of broadcast journalism to be realized. Edwards quoted Murrow as saw â€Å"I began to breathe and to reflect againâ€that all men would be brave if only they could take into account their stomachs at home” (Edwards 74).Another form of character psychoanalysis that affirmed the kind of personality, quality of work and operative influence made to broadcast media profession by Murrow was through the interview made by Jones to Edwards. The â€Å"Edward Murrow” book is efficiently perceived through how Edwards viewed Murrow. Jones then confirm from the interview he made with the author that without Murrow, broadcast journalism will never be the aforesaid(prenominal) as it is now (Jones).It was also in an online broadcast by the issue Public Radio or NPR and where E dwards’ show is broadcasted that Murrow was regarded as a history himself. Murrow’s spectacular rooftop live broadcast of the London assail provided fresh approach and unique style of broadcast journalism. As presented by Edwards in his book, it was Murrow’s naive character and professional supremacy that brought new teaching or news reports and made broadcast journalism as a field of enormous motive and undisputed impact to people and societies (â€Å"Edward R.Murrow: Broadcasting History”). Apart from his innovative wartime broadcasts that catapult him to fame and respect, it was Murrow’s personal and professional principles that made him incomparable from the rest. Hence, it was the statement by Edwards during the Jones interview that loftyly depicted the character and jimmy and most importantly, the influence of Murrow to broadcast journalism.As Edwards said: â€Å"I say he (Murrow) set the standard, but it’s probably closer to sa y he set the ideal and we can’t have the (same) ideal anymore” (Jones). Works Cited â€Å"Edward R. Murrow: Broadcasting History. ” Morning Edition. National Public Radio. 6 May 2004. Edwards, Bob. Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism (Turning Points in History). New Jersey: prank Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2004). Jones, Michelle. â€Å"NPR’s Bob Edwards on Edward R. Murrow. ” consultation to Bob Edwards. 2004.\r\n'

'Selection of Sustainable Construction Materials\r'

'The faculty of military personnel light often finds it difficult in making ratiocinations concerning frames that atomic number 18 extensive and entangled such(prenominal)(prenominal) as in the management of organizational operations, sitement portfolios, military rule and control situations and control of nuclear facilities. Even though one may fully comprehend the psyche interactions amongst a brass’s variables, it is usu onlyy in truth(prenominal) difficult to predict how a constitution deliver the goods react to new stimuli as a solvent of a purpose taken.Under such circumstances, the results of me real researches produce indicated that the judgment and ratiocination making capabilities of kind-hearted universes could sound fall short of the optimal. Stress and involvedities acts negatively on the homo cognition system, making it even harder to hit what could be termed as the most optimal ratiocination. The last to be taken kindle nevertheless be actually crucial, and a wrong finale could crown to catastrophe.It thus becomes essential to find few modal tax to aid and serv grump of exhibit a gentleman being in pickings crucial lasts on complex systems non all in atmospheres of stress and compact unless too in normal situations. lore has strived to device such decision-making aids through divulge history. Operations research, statistics and economics ache develop diverse modes for making rational choices. The advent of Information and intercourse Technology (ICT) and its dramatic educations in the last two-and-a-half decades has make it possible apply ICT in integ grade discordant disciplines in aiding decision making in complex situations.As a result, spotive information science, artificial intelligence, cognitive psycho rational science and the neurosciences carry come together to develop a variety of decision making aids. These decision-making aids be practically implemented as computer appl ications deployed both as stand-alone tools in individual systems or ar installed to cover entire working networks. such decision-making tools and integrated computing environments argon together cognise as finish sustain musical ar orbitments (DSSs), which is a very broad term incorporating a multitude of methodologies, tools, techniques, approaches and technologies.Druzdzel & angstrom unit; Flynn (2002) takes all existing DSSs into consideration when they attempt to congeal them empirically as computer-establish interactive systems that back up substance ab utilizationrs in making decisions. DSSs be sometimes likewise referred to as experience- ground systems beca drill they basically try to structure domain knowl adjoin into a form on which mechanical decision making is possible. stopping rase verify Systems integrate breeding from various sources, allow intelligent access to the information sources that be relevant, and help in the mathematical process of organ izing decisions to help humankind beings overcome their cognitive deficiencies. finis wear Systems alter the conventional tasks of accessing and retrieving information with reasoning support groupd on a model and model build approach. Framing, modeling and problem solving argon support by DSSs. They ar usually use for strategical and tactical decisions to be make by planners and senior levels in the management. Such decisions have a moderately low frequency but their consequences have very high potential. Therefore the time and investment taken in using DSSs to aid in taking such decisions are paid off in the long run. conclusion donjon Systems not only make the ersatz decision choices, but bath help in picking out the most perspicuous and optical choice amongst the alternatives adhering to and adopting divisions from disciplines such as plan economics, operations research, statistics and decision theory. Artificial Intelligence is employ by decision leap out Systems to tackle problems in a heuristic manner in situations in which the problems are not am change to formal conventional techniques.Decision Support Systems have grown in popularity because it has been ready that when decision-making systems are used appropriately they tend to sum up efficiency and output providing appreciable competitive edge over rival businesses. This happens because organizations and businesses employing DSSs make sound choices in the deployment of technology, and in planning business operations, logistics and operations. Components of DSSs There are triple fundamental components f Decision Support Systems are essentially made up of trey basic sections: i. Data Base Management System (DBMS): The DBMS is the databank for the DSS.The DBMS is a storehouse for the capacious volumes of data that the DSS has to deal with in providing solution for the grapheme of problem for which it has been designed. Unlike in other databases which furnish physical data structure, the DMBS works on logical data structures which the users can interact with. In a good DBMS, the physical database structure and the panache the data is actually process remains hidden from the user. The user only knows the different types of data that are operable and how best to access this data to aid in decision making. ii. feign-Based Management System (MBMS): The MBMS plays a convertible role to that of the DBMS.The main task of an MBMS is to provide a mechanism whereby the applications that use a fragmentiseicular DSS are independent of the particular models that are used in the DSS. By doing so, the MBMS actually converts data purchasable in the DBMS into information that helps in decision making. Users of a DSS usually have to handle un structure problems. The MBMS is because require to help the users with building models. iii. Dialog propagation and Management system (DGMS): People use a DSS to comprehend a system in its entirety. The primary feather t ask of the DSS is thitherfore to provide insight.The interfaces that a DSS uses involve to be highly user friendly as m both mountain who use them specialize in planning and managerial decision making and may not be very well array or oriented towards computing systems. The interfaces not only need to suffice in building the models silicon chip also need to provide adequate interactions with the models so that the users are able to gain insight and pull out recommendations from the DSS. The DGMS is therefore primarily tasked with providing easy access and meaning(prenominal) access to the DSS. DSS for Selection of verbal expression Materials, its relevanceThis paper attempts to discern a Decision Support System to assist in making decisions to select reflexion fabrics found on a sustainability criterion. For every given aspect job, there is a huge variety of twist substantives to distinguish from. Economic f pseuds and technology criteria have been traditionally the primary basis of filling of building materials. look materials were selected against the requirements a desired manner span, and a curriculum of requirements and codes base on the characteristics of the material concerned such strength, viscosity, elasticity, bending moment, etceteraRapid depletion of congenital resources required for kink materials has tho forced a change in aspects. The commission has now shifted to ecologic, health and ethical considerations. Making a selection decision based only on human judgment and past experience, taking all added aspects into consideration, becomes almost an impossible task. According to (Pearce, et. al. , 2001) it was essential that some new mechanism of assessing the available saying materials for the highest utility program of the specific project was required.The mechanism would have to estimate the alternatives on the basis of their skillful properties and pass water parameters but also on the basis of the status of their accessibility in the ecosystem in the long-term context and from the perspective of natural resources. Such a ho enumerateic method could be implemented only through a Decision Support System. The DSS exit have to provide all needful information to enable the decision manufacturing business to take the most optimal decision keeping not only the technical and economic parameters under consideration, but also balancing the sound degree of emphasis on the environment and sustainability aspect.To r to separately one such an accusative in the design of a Decision Support System the following information mistreats go forth have to be undertaken: 1. Sustainability testament have to be de bonnyd for the selection of locution material. 2. Based on the interpretation of sustainability developed, a methodology has to be developed for selection and comparison of the alternative construction materials that are available. 3. The methodology for selection forget have to be a utomated by outgrowth of a Develop a conceptual mannikin for a Sustainability Decision Support System (SDSS). delineate SustainabilityThe United Nations World Commission on environs and ontogenesis defines sustainable instruction as increment keeping the concerns of the in store(predicate) in sight. sustainable development is that development that receives the requirements of the present generation without in whatever itinerary endangering or compromising the celestial orbit for development of future generations. (WCED, 1987). Sustainability is therefore the concept of meeting present requirements in such a manner that the resources that go to assemble the present requirement can also be utilize to meet similar requirements in the long run.In other words, it is handling the present with an sum on the future. This concept of sustainability works on the intact principle that human development is a dismission process that has to sustained at a railyard at which the fini te resources available in the reality can easily cope with. A fine but much simplified ex adenosine monophosphatele could be that of utilization of step in the making of any civil construction. The decision manufacturer will not only have to select the timber the prime(a) of which is suitable for the construction in terms of strength, expect durability, etc.but will also have to batten shine that the made is a type of timber that is not jeopardize or on the verge of being extinct, a type that is easily available in the celestial orbit of the construction with no threat to its future. The next motion that could face the decision maker is whether timber, considering the depletion rate of natural resources, should be used at all. And if timber is not used and then what are the other available alternatives that could be used in the rate of timber?The Decision Support System will have to be able to assist the decision maker in making these crucial decisions by providing struct ured and easy access to all relevant information. Sustainability is therefore a system with stability at its core. Changes to the system are not unrestrained but encumber so that a stable continuance of the system is maintained in the long run. Sustainability is very crucial for the construction assiduity because constructions have a very high impact on the ecology and the environment.The people who make decisions in the construction industry literally hold fate in their hands in the sense that considered and logical decisions based on sustainability go a long way in defend and preserving the environment that in turn sustains human kind. Decision makers at different levels in the construction industry therefore have to make judicious selection of construction material in order fulfill the present requirements without negatively touch oning the requirements of others or lay at stake the very existence of the human race on this earth.The main goals that a DSS has to meet in sele cting of construction materials based on sustainability are to improve the selection process of the construction material during the conceptual stage itself and to promote the use of groundbreaking materials which could have more sustainable properties than the traditional materials that are currently in use. Sustainability factor in Construction Materials With regards to construction materials, ad extract of sustainable selection criteria would ask the following: i. Matter and energy consumption should be minimized ii.Minimum level of human ecstasy should be maintained. iii. There should be minimum negative environmental effects. Any effort to minimize the consumption of field and energy has to target minimizing entropy gain and intergenerational of justness objectives. It has to be kept in mind that the process of consumption increases the entropy of materials and energy making them unsuaitable for use in the future (Roberts, 1994; Rees, 1990). The basic tenet of sustainabili ty and sustainable material selection would therefore be maximising utilization and minimizing consumption of matter and energy.In laymen’s verbiage this translates into ‘doing more with less’. Doing more with less all the similar has to be balanced with maximizing human satisfaction with the less of matter and energy that is being consumed in the process. Unless the satisfaction of people is achieved, sustainability would run into a at peace(predicate) end. People and users will not concur changes necessary to make the world a better place to live in unless they are satisfied by the results of those measures. Ensuring the satisfaction of people therefore becomes an integral part of sustainability.A part that is closely connected with economics as, in our economy-driven society, people are satisfied only when there is assurance that their economic interests will not only be safeguarded but also enhanced appreciably. minimization of cost, maximization of co mfort and safety and edification of the human spirit should be the ideal objectives in the process of selection of construction materials (Day, 1990). It all boils down to the sustainability of the human race which in turn makes it essential to ensure the sustainability and preservation of the ecosystem.The sustainability of the ecosystem is ensured when emphasis is put on maintaining biodiversity, species habitat is left undisturbed and environmental deterioration and befoulment are brought under control. The design objective of any DSS for selection of construction materials on the basis of sustainability will thus have to make these three spherical presumptions †less consumption of energy and matter, high human satisfaction and minimal negative effect on the environment.A bewilder of metrics of sustainability based on the definition of sustainability has to be developed for the construction materials. The metrics would then have to be adapted into an approach for analyze alternative materials to help in the selection process. categorisation of Sustainability Attributes The next step in designing a Decision Support System for sustainable selection of construction materials would be take the propertys of sustainability and develop a system or taxonomy for classifying them into the categories of technology, ecology, economics and ethics.Since technology is utilized to build construction facilities, it is imperative that sustainable technologies are applied. Carpenter (1994) defines sustainable technologies as technologies that do not harm the environment in any way and are based on the concept of renewing, reusing and cycle materials. Materials have to contribute to sustainability by building up suitable technologies. For a specific use, the measure of a material’s adaptability to sustainable technology is obtained by the extent to which the material is able to meet the required technical performance.Span, reliability, ability to recycle and resistance to declension and constipation are other technology-related indicators. Ecological sustainability can be achieved through material selection if the objective of material selection is to minimize environmental damage and degradation over the entire lifecycle of the material undecomposed from the stage in which the bare material is extracted to the nett stage of either disposing the material or adopting it for reuse through the process of recycling.Of particular immenseness in the consideration of sustainability is the way the material will affect the ecology. The domain of all human activities comprises the natural ecologic systems which provide all the raw materials to meet the vary requirements of human beings (Norton 1994). Thus, integrity of the systems has to be maintained in order to ensure the continues availability of raw materials in the form of ecological resources. The search of workable alternatives for restrict natural resources leads us to the real m of economic sustainability.Alternative resources that can be developed at minimal cost to the society have to be maintained and set by the Decision Support System. The total life cycle cost of a project depends on the life cycle be of the constituent construction materials. Selection of construction materials based on the low life cycle cost ultimately brings down the life cycle cost of the entire construction project. Manufacturing, transferee, assembly, maintenance and disposal or recycling costs determine the lifecycle cost of a construction material.These lifecycle costs in turn determine the economic sustainability of a construction material. The moot point of sustainability is adopting a futurist view. The concern is not only with meeting the ask of the present generation but at the same time ensuring that resource utilization is done in such a way that it is possible to retain, invest and convert them in such a way that there is no scarcity to meet the requirements of the future generations (Daly & Cobb 1994). This is the principle behind the ethics of sustainability.The attributes of ethical sustainability are the extent of depletion of natural resources that utilization of the material could represent, extent to use the material can be reused and to which nonrenewable resources the material can be used as a substitute (Norton, 1994). The Decision Support System therefore has to base its mixed bag of sustainability attributes on the taxonomy of technology utilized, maintenance of ecological balance, economic feasibleness and ethical concerns for the future of human kind.The vast scope and complexity of such a DSS can be appreciated when we take all these factors into consideration. find out the Indicators of Sustainability The DSS for construction materials selection has to consider indicators of sustainability of construction materials with respect to the three global objectives of sustainable development †resource consumption, human satisfaction and environmental impact. The more exhaustive the keep down of indicators, the more the DSS will tend towards perfection.Indicators could be as varied and wide ranging as the scale on which the harvesting is done, whether infrastructure for harvesting is available, how accessible the raw materials are, the extent of processing the material has to be out through, how renewable the materials, maintainability, toxicity, market pricing of comparable resources, etc. Each indicator has to be correlated with the sustainability of the material, and the correlativity determined through sensitivity analysis and top executiveed and rated so that comparison of the materials is possible to the minutest details.Selection of indicators of sustainability of the materials therefore assumes great importance in any DSS. Database or knowledge base development in this respect has to systematic and incremental throughout the development cycle. Consideration of the context of use also hol ds equal importance in the finish of sustainability of any construction material. Contextual indicators could be as apparent as the availability and use of ice blocks in the poles and sand in the deserts. But these indicators could also be user specific, condition specific or site characteristic specific.Context modifiers therefore have to be built into any DSS. It is the context modifiers that make the sustainability ratings of construction materials for all(prenominal) project unique. Decision makers set wand determine in heuristics databases which enable them to specify the determine that they want to be metric. Edwards et al. (1994) and Greene (1994) give examples of techniques in transportation systems in which the energy required to transport a particular material from one place to some other for various modes of transport can be calculated for different modes or types of transport. Materials Selection adopting the Rational role player ApproachThe Rational Actor Approa ch is centered on the principal assumption that if human decision makers are provided with complete information on the possible results and options in the choices that they have to make, they would choose the optimal alternative, or the option with the maximum scuttle of turning out to be the outcome that is most wanted or desired. This being true, the goal of the DSS is to enable the decision maker to select construction materials as per their sustainability so that the vast volume of the materials selected for construction are sustainable materials.The rational actor model has three phases (Simon, 1983): Phase 1: Determining all choices that are possible. Phase 2: Analyzing every choice for the consequences that it they may lead to. Phase 3: Finally choosing an alternative that is rated as the best based on considerations of utility and the most probable consequence or output.. In the DSS, the Rational Actor Model can be further fine tuned by the adoption of a few modifications. First, the material alternatives that are obviously not suitable for the project element could be pruned off the database based on classification of materials according to some given standards.The software will therefore prune materials such as ceramic tiles when considering the construction of a foundation footing column. This eliminates the possibility of users ignoring feasible but unfamiliar materials. A heartbeat modification could be the introduction of user weightings for each(prenominal) sustainability attribute. The weightings are a way of in-personizing or customizing the system. remark of the weightings accord the methodology espouse in the system higher acceptability for the user who provides the weightings. The weightings also enable customization of the sustainability of the final design product.(Pearce, et. al. , 2001). The ordered stages of the methodology adopted with modifications can now be defined for the Decision Support System. In its first step, the meth odology generates the alternatives that would be available for making the selection. This is a comprehensive set of alternatives that could include all the materials available in the market. In its second stage, the clearly infeasible alternatives are pruned from the list of available alternatives through the application of some technical performance thresholds or other heuristics.This would result in a set of alternations that are all feasible for the application under consideration. The crucial third step consists of the Decision Support System ranking the alternatives based on the sustainability and utility of the material for the use that it is intend for. At this juncture, the decision maker nutritions in his weights for each attribute of sustainability as per the priority that particular attribute holds for the decision maker.Manufacturer information and other sources determine the determine for the sustainability attributes of each material, and a normalized value is worked out for each value of the attributes. The weights and normalized value for the sustainability attributes of each material are then multiplied and added together to produce the index of subjective utility for that material. A ranking of the alternatives is developed by sorting their utility values. The Decision Support System then outputs the alternative with the highest utility value to the user.The decision maker is at liberty to choose the highest ranked alternative for the particular application or any other alternative as he or she may deem suitable from the point of view of cognitive abilities and professional experience. The DSS then moves on to take up other design elements for consideration. From the Decision Maker’s Point of View From the decision maker’s or user’s point of view, the decision maker has to first feed in a list of the design components that have been conceptualized for the construction.Values for relevant parameters that describe the con ceptual design and the decision making have to be fed in. The DSS uses these values to generate a list of feasible materials for each design element from the materials database of the DSS utilizing heuristics for material selection from the inbred logic or knowledge base of the DSS. later the DSS generates a list of feasible materials for each element, it queries the decision maker for the personalized weightings for the sustainability attributes.The Sustainability Index Calculator calculates the values of the sustainability attributes for each feasible material. An Amalgamator Module of the DSS amalgamates the weightings of the decision maker with the sustainability attribute values for each material that could be utilized and sorts the materials according to their individual rankings. The DSS recommends the material with the highest rating to the decision maker who is free to either accept the recommendation of the Decision Support System or to opt for an alternative from the li st of alternatives provided by the DSS.Conclusions The Decision Support System for the selection of construction materials on the basis of sustainability therefore analyzes the feasible materials for each element of a construction from a wide range of perspectives. The factors that influence the ultimate output of the Decision Support System incorporate the technologies and economies of construction processes, the characteristics of the applicable materials, ecological and environmental concerns, sustainability aspects, and most important of all, the professional and personal preferences of the user or the decision maker.Each of these factors by themselves could constitute individual expert systems. The complexity and sophistication of such decision support systems can thus be appreciated along with their great utility in helping decision makers to make crucial decisions. References -01 Carpenter, S. , 1994, Sustainable Communities. School of universal Policy, gallium Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Daly, H. , E. , and Cobb, J. , B. , younger , 1994, For the Common Good, 2nd ed. Beacon Press, Boston.Day, C. , 1990, Places of the Soul. Aquarian Press, San Francisco, CA. Druzdzel, Marek, J. , & Flynn, Roger, R. , 2002, Decision Support Systems, Decision Systems Laboratory, School of Information Sciences and scintillating Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Edwards, P. ,J. , Stewart, P. ,J, Eilenberg, I. , M. , and Anton, S. , 1994, Evaluating Embodied Energy Impacts in Buildings: Some inquiry Outcomes and Issues, in Kibert, C. , ed. Sustainable Construction. CIB TG 16, Tampa, FL, Nov. 6-9, pp. 173-182. Greene, D. , L. , 1994, Transportation and Energy, Transportation Quarterly, v. 48, n. 1, Norton, B, G. , 1994, Sustainability: both Competing Paradigms.Texas A&M Conference. School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Pearce, Annie, R. , Hastak, M. , Vanegas, Jorge, A. , 2001, A Decision Support System for Construction Materials Selection using Sustainability as a Criterion, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.Rees, W. , E. , 1990, The Ecology of Sustainable Development, The Ecologist, v. 20, n. 1. Roberts, D. V. , 1994, Sustainable Development †A Challenge for the Engineering Profession, in Ellis, M. , D. , ed. The power of Engineering in Sustainable Development. American association of Engineering Societies, Washington, DC. Sage, Andrew, P. , 1991, Decision Support Systems Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York. WCED †United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. ,1987, Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.\r\n'